soulless?

The mind is dependent on the brain; this suggests that the mind could not survive the death of the body. (Williams, 115)

Early Spanish explorers came to South America; they seriously debated whether the indigenous peoples of these lands had souls. Similarly, Christians in the past asserted that non-white people were soulless, in exactly the same sense that Descartes claimed this of non-human animals. (Williams, 110)